Preparation, characterisation and comparative toxicity of nanopermethrin against <i>Anopheles</i> <i>stephensi</i> and <i>Culex</i> <i>pipiens</i>

Objectives To assess the effectiveness of nanopermethrin as a potential new formulation for pest and vector control. Methods Permethrin nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method its structure formulations designed using Box–Behnken statistical technique. The effect independent variables (Chitosan/Permethrin ratio, tripolyphosphate quantity, sonication time) on properties was investigated to determine optimal formulation. Results size ranged from 135.27 ± 5.88 539.5 24.01 nm insecticide entrapment efficiency per cent (EE%) 7.72 1.36 63.59 3.17%. Anopheles stephensi larvae then bioassayed with compared results bioassay mother molecule permethrin standard WHO-recommended mosquito larval kit. LC50 An. 0.125 0.026 ppm showing 4.8 times difference. Culex pipiens 0.003 0.00032 ppm, respectively, 9.4-fold Conclusion Nanopermethrin is much more potent than against Cx. pipiens.